When solar panels are installed on land formerly used for intensive agriculture, biodiversity rebounds quickly. This is the finding of a study by conservation expert Tim Peschel and biologist Rolf Peschel, conducted on behalf of the German Association of Energy Market Innovators (Bundesverband Neue Energiewirtschaft, BNE).

To this end, the two authors, together with several specialist consultancies, examined biodiversity development in 30 solar parks across Germany and one open-field installation in Denmark. From April to September 2024, they surveyed eight species groups, including birds, amphibians, butterflies, bats, and plants.

Concentrated on agricultural land

Unlike previous studies, however, this one did not focus on land conversion areas, but specifically on former arable land. The aim was to understand how quickly these sites recover in terms of species diversity, and how this regeneration influences biodiversity across the wider cultural landscape. “After all, a great deal of biodiversity has been lost in agricultural areas in recent decades – in some cases to a dramatic extent,” says Tim Peschel.

ESG: The EU wants to be a pioneer

Flora and fauna adopt structures in solar parks

He and Rolf Peschel demonstrated that these biodiversity losses can be offset when land is removed from intensive agricultural use and left largely undisturbed beneath solar installations. “In contrast to agricultural landscapes, solar parks have a variety of structures such as paths, wet areas and shady pools under the modules,” explains Tim Peschel. “So even when everything is dry all around, we can still find flowering plants in shady areas. These provide the basis for insects to settle. These insects, in turn, are the food source for birds, bats and amphibians. In this way, the areas can develop biodiversity.” Solar parks thus become islands of biodiversity within intensively used agricultural regions.

Agri-PV: “Dual use with animal husbandry has great potential”

385 plant species counted

During their research, the authors identified 385 plant species within the solar park sites that were no longer present in the surrounding agricultural land. Among them were very rare species that have now begun to reproduce again. Rolf Peschel notes that the number and type of plant species vary significantly depending on the region. “We examined one of the solar parks several times over several years,” he explains. “That site had twice as many plant species as the next most diverse park. The more often we survey the areas, the more species we find. This shows that the development of biodiversity is still in full swing and far from complete. We know that there are more and more species.”

Source habitat for dragonfly species

The same applies to the animal species observed in the study. Among others, the researchers documented 13 of the 79 dragonfly species native to Germany. One of these is currently classified as endangered, yet in one of the solar parks, it is now establishing a strong population. This particular site can therefore be considered a source habitat, from which the species may begin to repopulate other previously uninhabited areas.

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Many insects, grasshoppers and birds sighted

In addition, the researchers documented 37 percent of Germany’s native grasshopper species and 17 percent of its butterfly species within the solar parks. The findings on amphibians were also notable: one third of the country’s native species were observed. Numerous reptiles, including various lizard species, were also present. What makes these results particularly striking is that the solar parks often exist in isolation – disconnected from larger surrounding habitats.

Denmark: Agreement for nature-friendly renewable projects

The authors of the study also recorded 32 different bird species in the solar parks. Among them were endangered species such as the skylark, which appeared in three quarters of the solar sites surveyed. In one of the parks, they even found a breeding population of the endangered wheatear.

Species colonise the solar parks immediately

The authors also detected bats within the solar parks, many of them belonging to endangered species. “Until now, project planners have been required to implement compensatory measures based on the assumption that birds and bats do not inhabit solar installations,” says Rolf Peschel. “But with proper management, the opposite is true. These animals are so desperate for habitat that they settle in the parks almost immediately – sometimes even during construction. Whether there’s machinery or someone installing modules, it hardly deters them.” (su/hcn)

You can ownload the study here (German-language)





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The Netherlands leads the EU in per-capita solar PV capacity, having added around three gigawatts annually over the past three years. This remarkable growth highlights the country’s commitment to renewable energy, despite facing notable challenges, especially in balancing solar development with the protection and use of agricultural land.

Balancing solar expansion and agricultural interests

On the right-hand side of the political spectrum, there is strong resistance to building PV parks on land that could be used for agriculture. The Netherlands is one of the most densely populated countries in Europe and ranks among the world’s largest exporters of agricultural products. Large-scale agriculture – particularly intensive livestock farming – is also the main source of nitrogen pollution, contributing to a national nitrogen crisis. Currently, less than 0.2% of agricultural land is used for solar PV. In this context, the level of resistance is striking.

Agri-PV: “Dual use with animal husbandry has great potential”

Under pressure from interest groups – particularly within the agricultural sector – the Dutch government is increasingly limiting large-scale solar parks on productive farmland. Yet well-planned PV installations can enhance biodiversity and offer viable opportunities for farmers through Agri-PV. Tariffs for Agri-PV and nature-inclusive PV are significantly higher than those for conventional systems, creating clear financial incentives: approximately €67.9/MWh for Agri-PV, €68.1/MWh for nature-inclusive (ESG) PV, and €62.8/MWh for standard PV systems.

Floating solar power: clean electricity from clean waters

The authorisation policy focuses furthermore on the use of areas such as former landfill sites or floating PV systems on bodies of water. This decision has changed the dynamics of the market and increased the need to find innovative solutions.

PV on former landfill site

One such example is the CCE project in Rafelder, Gelderland, currently under construction on a former landfill site and expected to be connected to the Dutch grid in autumn 2025. Until the 1980s, industrial waste was dumped at the site – as at many others across the Netherlands – and covered with only a thin layer of soil. Due to long-term contamination of both soil and groundwater, such areas will remain unsuitable for agriculture or development for decades.

Netherlands: Ampyr and Rockwool conclude solar PPA

In order to build a 10 MW photovoltaic system, CCE The Netherlands invested around mid-three-digit amount euros in preparing the soil on 6.2 hectares and sealing the area.

A special geotextile layer is used to seal the area for at least three decades and enables it to be used for other purposes. Unlike other ground-mounted systems, in this case the PV panels were mounted on a support structure similar to a PV roof system, as no pillars could be anchored in the ground. This type of land utilisation shows how technological advances and ESG-compliant approaches can go hand in hand to overcome the challenges of land availability.

Country-specific framework condition

The state-guaranteed feed-in tariff of 6.8 cents honors a long-term commitment politically. However, it is very likely that 2026 will be the last year for the SDE++ (Sustainable Energy Production and Climate Transition Incentive Scheme) regime. Conditions of SDE are e.g. the building/environmental permit and that the project is completed within 4 years. Most probably a CFD (Contract for Difference) system will be implemented in 2027, but the details aren’t clear yet. Corporate PPAs (power purchase agreements), which are in high demand in the current very dynamic times, play an increasingly important but not an essential role in our projects.

The importance of BESS and ESG

In the Netherlands, battery energy storage systems (BESS) will also play an important role in the further expansion of renewable energies. Over the next five to ten years, decentralised battery systems are expected to gain in importance to increase the efficiency and flexibility of solar energy generation. CCE is also increasingly focusing on co-located projects (PV plus storage) in the Netherlands. The Dutch government is looking at new subsidy structurers for co-located BESS PV projects. Since the details have not yet been published, it is only a business case with reservations at this time.

Netherlands: Green light for 74 MW solar park

In addition, biodiversity is increasingly seen as a central concern in the construction of new PV projects. At CCE, we integrate nature-based solutions into our operations for the preservation and promotion of biodiversity. This includes the planting of trees and shrubs and the use of farm animals to maintain the land.

Overall, photovoltaics in the Netherlands is on a promising path but also faces significant challenges. The combination of technological progress, sustainable practices, and a clear focus on long-term goals will be crucial to fully utilise the potential of solar energy while taking environmental and social concerns into account.  (Cederik Engel/hcn)





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At this year’s Solar Energy Conference, TÜV Rheinland hosted around 160 industry experts, who also visited the company’s headquarters in Cologne. One key takeaway was the ongoing quality issues within the solar industry, despite efforts to address them. Price pressure is leading to cost-saving measures in the wrong areas, such as on glass panes, frames, screws and clamps. While some past challenges have been resolved, new challenges continue to emerge.

Market launch of perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells expected in the near future

As the sector has matured, much of the testing has been expanded and tightened up. “Some modules pass the new tests immediately,” says Eckart Janknecht, expert on module testing at TÜV. “The number of failed inspections of production-fresh modules is definitely a cause for concern.”

Modules arriving defective from the factory

This means that modules have not subjected to sufficiently rigorous stress testing. “We often see that nominal performance is not achieved,” says Roman Alexander Brück, head of the PV component testing department. “Performance is between half and one percent lower. For a 650 watt module, that’s a full 6.5 watts.”

UK: Trinasolar starts deliveries for integrated project

The reason for this is the enormous and ongoing price pressure that forces manufacturers to push production materials and machines to the limits. It is not unheard of for a delivery to include entirely non-functioning or undersized modules.  “One such example is aluminium frames,” says Hamza Maaroufi, who regularly visits and assesses the condition of solar parks on behalf of TÜV Rheinland. “Modern modules are slimmed down to the extent that very large and heavy modules bend under their own weight.”

Perovskites will enable new applications for photovoltaics

Inadequate screws and clamps

As well as thin frames, long-time photovoltaic specialist Wilhelm Vaaßen bemoans the phenomenon of overly thin glass. “What’s more, the chosen screws and clamps are far too small,” he says. “Such components should be able to carry twice as much weight.”

He recommends that investors test the modules with the respective clamps and screws before final. “For the risk that it eliminates, this is not a huge investment,” he says. “Damage further down the road is generally much more expensive.”

Fraunhofer ISE: Solar module output often overstated

Even in tracking systems, the most important materials are often too weak. The latest modules for solar parks measure 2.50 metres by 1.30 metres and have an output of up to 700 watts. “If the support profile only spans 40 centimetres or so, it simply won’t work,” warns Vaaßen.

Thin panes break quickly

Yet another issue is extremely thin glass panes. Some module manufacturers have reduced the thickness of their glass to 1.6 millimetres. “Two panes of two millimetres thickness is standard on larger modules,” reports Maaroufi. “Even at this depth, we see breaks in the field due to the bending of heavier modules.” At the end of the day, two times 1.6 millimetres (for the front glass and rear panes) is insufficient for modules for large-scale projects.

With every new facility, the industry picks up new ideas The last major liability case related to brittle backsheets on modules manufactured between 2010 and 2012. At the time, high-quality films were in short supply, leading some manufacturers to switch to polyamide. Ten years later, the foils of backsheets were brittle and chalked, by which time many gigawatts of solar power had been lost Cracks formed, rendering the modules unusable.

Sharp exits solar business in Europe

Foils require their own certification

In the meantime, the certifiers have learned from their experiences of the ‘film epidemic‘. The new IEC 62788-2-1:2023 has been in force since September 2023. This defines strict safety requirements for the films used in solar modules as front and back sheets. “The manufacturers of films are not yet aware of this standard, which is actually mandatory,” says Roman Alexander Brueck. “If the film is not certified, the module will also not receive certification from us.”

Developing a tandem solar module with over 25 per cent efficiency

Test expert Eckart Janknecht recommends that manufacturers contact the TÜV at an early stage. New films that receive certification may require adjustments in the course of module production, including preliminary tests during development.

Jinko Solar reaches 300 GW milestone of PV module delivery

TÜV Rheinland has actively contributed its expertise in the solar industry for four decades. Worldwide, around a thousand experts are hard at work to minimise the technical risks posed by large-scale solar generation.

Europe’s largest test laboratory for solar modules, components, inverters and now also battery storage is situated in Cologne. There are also laboratories in Bangalore (India), Shanghai (China), Taichung (Taiwan) and Pleasanton (USA). (TF)

Solitek Enhances Hail Resistance Certification for Its Modules

Read more:

Floating solar power: clean electricity from clean waters





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Last March, you opened Voltage’s first European office in Frankfurt am Main. Where do you see your USP in the market, and how can you score points with your customers?

For us, it’s all about cabling large solar parks. However, we don’t see ourselves as a pure cable supplier, but as an engineering and service company that optimises the entire cabling process. This results in three main advantages for our customers, who are EPCs and project developers: They can cable large solar parks in less time and with up to 50 percent less labour. They also need fewer cables and can therefore save up to 33 percent on materials. In my view, the most important thing for the European market is that our tailor-made plug & play solutions significantly increase the quality and reliability of the cabling and thus of the entire plant.

What exactly does your plug & play solution look like?

We deliver fully pre-assembled cable harnesses to the construction site, which only need to be rolled out and connected. This means that the cables no longer have to be cut to size on site, and there is no more crimping to do on the construction site. This also minimises the risk of cabling errors and thus of performance losses in the system. And these are even more significant than they were a few years ago, given the significantly more powerful photovoltaic modules and inverters with more inputs.

Get your free day pass for The smarter E Europe with the promo code Gentner_2025 here

Is it really still common practice for large solar parks to be wired manually on a large scale?

In regions such as the USA, Canada and Australia, plug & play is now standard for the cabling of solar parks. In Europe, this is still a novelty. Although well-known companies such as First Solar and Belectric have been working with suppliers of prefabricated cabling solutions on the European market for several years, the technology did not catch on here at the time and disappeared again. Now we are bringing the solution perfected in the USA back to Europe, where the market is now demanding it.

EMC-direct: Secure cable routing prevents later damage

Why is demand increasing right now?

Large solar projects are gaining significant momentum in Europe and pressure is growing on EPCs to build quickly and with few resources, i.e. with little personnel and reduced labour costs. In addition, reliability is becoming increasingly important. We offer a five-year warranty, including on the cabling structure, which has a major impact on reducing operating costs (OPEX) and increasing plant yields. This is because cabling is often one of the last weak points in solar parks. So we are in the right place at the right time with our product.

Can you quantify how much the investment costs (CAPEX) of large solar parks can be reduced through optimised cabling?

Although cable materials usually only account for a small proportion of the investment costs (around 1 percent), their influence increases when the costs for on-site assembly and installation are taken into account. In large solar power plants, cabling can account for up to 5% of the construction costs, which offers considerable savings potential.

Don‘t miss our pv Guided Tours and talks with industry leaders – LIVE from Munich

What other services do you offer?

We offer EPCs and project developers comprehensive project management for the optimised design of solar park cabling. In addition, every customer receives a 3D model for each design so that they can view the system in detail before construction begins. This means that the customer can see where the cables run and identify potential problems before they arrive on site. We also offer exclusive virtual reality training for the installation team. In addition, customers can track the status of their order on our Voltage Connect platform, from signature to delivery to the construction site.

Do you manufacture the cables and their components yourself?

We manufacture most of it ourselves at our main plant in China, which now has an annual capacity of 25 gigawatts. However, we purchase certain components such as connectors. The customer decides which connector they want to work with, as different connectors are used depending on the module.

C&I solar rooftops – Design software saves time and more

How far have you got with setting up your office in Frankfurt and your European sales team?

At the moment, we are still a small team of seven people, but we benefit greatly from our experience in the USA. The biggest challenge for us is finding the right people in a timely manner. We currently have a total of ten vacancies.

Interview by Hans-Christoph Neidlein

Voltage will be exhibiting at Intersolar Europe at stand A4.190.





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Last March, you opened Voltage’s first European office in Frankfurt am Main. Where do you see your USP in the market, and how can you score points with your customers?

For us, it’s all about cabling large solar parks. However, we don’t see ourselves as a pure cable supplier, but as an engineering and service company that optimises the entire cabling process. This results in three main advantages for our customers, who are EPCs and project developers: They can cable large solar parks in less time and with up to 50 percent less labour. They also need fewer cables and can therefore save up to 33 percent on materials. In my view, the most important thing for the European market is that our tailor-made plug & play solutions significantly increase the quality and reliability of the cabling and thus of the entire plant.

What exactly does your plug & play solution look like?

We deliver fully pre-assembled cable harnesses to the construction site, which only need to be rolled out and connected. This means that the cables no longer have to be cut to size on site, and there is no more crimping to do on the construction site. This also minimises the risk of cabling errors and thus of performance losses in the system. And these are even more significant than they were a few years ago, given the significantly more powerful photovoltaic modules and inverters with more inputs.

Get your free day pass for The smarter E Europe with the promo code Gentner_2025 here

But is it really still common practice for large solar parks to be wired manually on a large scale?

In regions such as the USA, Canada and Australia, plug & play is now standard for the cabling of solar parks. In Europe, this is still a novelty. Although well-known companies such as First Solar and Belectric have been working with suppliers of prefabricated cabling solutions on the European market for several years, the technology did not catch on here at the time and disappeared again. Now we are bringing the solution perfected in the USA back to Europe, where the market is now demanding it.

EMC-direct: Secure cable routing prevents later damage

Why is demand increasing right now?

Large solar projects are gaining significant momentum in Europe and pressure is growing on EPCs to build quickly and with few resources, i.e. with little personnel and reduced labour costs. In addition, reliability is becoming increasingly important. We offer a five-year warranty, including on the cabling structure, which has a major impact on reducing operating costs (OPEX) and increasing plant yields. This is because cabling is often one of the last weak points in solar parks. So we are in the right place at the right time with our product.

Can you quantify how much the investment costs (CAPEX) of large solar parks can be reduced through optimised cabling?

Although cable materials usually only account for a small proportion of the investment costs (around 1 percent), their influence increases when the costs for on-site assembly and installation are taken into account. In large solar power plants, cabling can account for up to 5% of the construction costs, which offers considerable savings potential.

Don‘t miss our pv Guided Tours and talks with industry leaders – LIVE from Munich

What other services do you offer?

We offer EPCs and project developers comprehensive project management for the optimised design of solar park cabling. In addition, every customer receives a 3D model for each design so that they can view the system in detail before construction begins. This means that the customer can see where the cables run and identify potential problems before they arrive on site. We also offer exclusive virtual reality training for the installation team. In addition, customers can track the status of their order on our Voltage Connect platform, from signature to delivery to the construction site.

Do you manufacture the cables and their components yourself?

We manufacture most of it ourselves at our main plant in China, which now has an annual capacity of 25 gigawatts. However, we purchase certain components such as connectors. The customer decides which connector they want to work with, as different connectors are used depending on the module.

C&I solar rooftops – Design software saves time and more

How far have you got with setting up your office in Frankfurt and your European sales team?

At the moment, we are still a small team of seven people, but we benefit greatly from our experience in the USA. The biggest challenge for us is finding the right people in a timely manner. We currently have a total of ten vacancies.

Interview by Hans-Christoph Neidlein

Voltage will be exhibiting at Intersolar Europe at stand A4.190.





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When solar panels are installed on land formerly used for intensive agriculture, biodiversity rebounds quickly. This is the finding of a study by conservation expert Tim Peschel and biologist Rolf Peschel, conducted on behalf of the German Association of Energy Market Innovators (Bundesverband Neue Energiewirtschaft, BNE).

To this end, the two authors, together with several specialist consultancies, examined biodiversity development in 30 solar parks across Germany and one open-field installation in Denmark. From April to September 2024, they surveyed eight species groups, including birds, amphibians, butterflies, bats, and plants.

Concentrated on agricultural land

Unlike previous studies, however, this one did not focus on land conversion areas, but specifically on former arable land. The aim was to understand how quickly these sites recover in terms of species diversity, and how this regeneration influences biodiversity across the wider cultural landscape. “After all, a great deal of biodiversity has been lost in agricultural areas in recent decades – in some cases to a dramatic extent,” says Tim Peschel.

ESG: The EU wants to be a pioneer

Flora and fauna adopt structures in solar parks

He and Rolf Peschel demonstrated that these biodiversity losses can be offset when land is removed from intensive agricultural use and left largely undisturbed beneath solar installations. “In contrast to agricultural landscapes, solar parks have a variety of structures such as paths, wet areas and shady pools under the modules,” explains Tim Peschel. “So even when everything is dry all around, we can still find flowering plants in shady areas. These provide the basis for insects to settle. These insects, in turn, are the food source for birds, bats and amphibians. In this way, the areas can develop biodiversity.” Solar parks thus become islands of biodiversity within intensively used agricultural regions.

Agri-PV: “Dual use with animal husbandry has great potential”

385 plant species counted

During their research, the authors identified 385 plant species within the solar park sites that were no longer present in the surrounding agricultural land. Among them were very rare species that have now begun to reproduce again. Rolf Peschel notes that the number and type of plant species vary significantly depending on the region. “We examined one of the solar parks several times over several years,” he explains. “That site had twice as many plant species as the next most diverse park. The more often we survey the areas, the more species we find. This shows that the development of biodiversity is still in full swing and far from complete. We know that there are more and more species.”

Source habitat for dragonfly species

The same applies to the animal species observed in the study. Among others, the researchers documented 13 of the 79 dragonfly species native to Germany. One of these is currently classified as endangered, yet in one of the solar parks, it is now establishing a strong population. This particular site can therefore be considered a source habitat, from which the species may begin to repopulate other previously uninhabited areas.

Subscribe to our free special newsletter for farmers

Many insects, grasshoppers and birds sighted

In addition, the researchers documented 37 percent of Germany’s native grasshopper species and 17 percent of its butterfly species within the solar parks. The findings on amphibians were also notable: one third of the country’s native species were observed. Numerous reptiles, including various lizard species, were also present. What makes these results particularly striking is that the solar parks often exist in isolation – disconnected from larger surrounding habitats.

Denmark: Agreement for nature-friendly renewable projects

The authors of the study also recorded 32 different bird species in the solar parks. Among them were endangered species such as the skylark, which appeared in three quarters of the solar sites surveyed. In one of the parks, they even found a breeding population of the endangered wheatear.

Species colonise the solar parks immediately

The authors also detected bats within the solar parks, many of them belonging to endangered species. “Until now, project planners have been required to implement compensatory measures based on the assumption that birds and bats do not inhabit solar installations,” says Rolf Peschel. “But with proper management, the opposite is true. These animals are so desperate for habitat that they settle in the parks almost immediately – sometimes even during construction. Whether there’s machinery or someone installing modules, it hardly deters them.” (su/hcn)

Download the study here (German-language)





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2023 was an extreme year for solar power in Sweden, with a turbulent European energy crisis creating a unique interest in PV. In 2024, installations returned to the level of 2022. At the same time, recent figures from the Swedish Energy Agency show that investments in batteries are now increasing significantly, strengthening the opportunities to integrate more weather-dependent, renewable power generation into the energy system.

We see fewer PV installations in 2024, which is to be expected as 2023 was an extreme year. At the same time, we see a lot of interest in batteries, which is more than gratifying,’ says Anna Werner, CEO of Svensk Solenergi (Swedish Solar Energy Association).

High interest in larger solar installations

It is mainly the residential market for PV systems that has decreased compared to 2023. Interest in larger solar plants remains high, with a large number of applications awaiting decisions.

Co-located solar park for a resilient grid completed in Sweden

“We see that smaller solar parks, up to 10 hectares, receive decisions relatively quickly. Here, the county administrations have become much better, thanks to more experience and some precedent-setting decisions. For larger parks, approvals still sometimes take an unreasonable amount of time and the queues are long,” says Anna Werner.

Fivefold increase of commercial and utility-scale batteries

According to figures from Svensk Solenergi and the Swedish Tax Agency, the installation of residential battery systems will increase by 40 percent by 2024. Batteries are important for integrating more solar power into the electricity system, as they enable the storage of intermittent electricity and provide flexibility and stability to the grid.

Sweden: Batteries are not a ‘threat to the grid’

“Batteries allow us to store electricity that is dependent on the weather throughout the day. But they are also very effective in reinforcing the electricity grid, as they can quickly balance the grid in the event of rapid power outages and can be used for frequency regulation – maintaining the balance between production and consumption,” says Anna Werner.

Market for hybrid power plants in Europe still in the starting blocks

In addition to the great interest in residential battery installations, large battery parks are also on the rise in Sweden. Svensk Solenergi estimates that the capacity of commercial batteries and large-scale battery parks will increase fivefold from 200 MW in 2023 to more than 1,000 MW by the end of 2024. (hcn)





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Price pressure leads savings to be made in the wrong area, such as on glass panes, frames, screws or clamps. At this year’s Solar Energy Conference, TÜV Rheinland was host to around 160 experts, who also paid a visit to their headquarters in Cologne. One of the main takeaways was that the quality issues in our industry have not diminished over the years. While some difficulties seem to have been overcome, new challenges have arisen in their place.

Market launch of perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells expected in the near future

As the sector has matured, much of the testing has been expanded and tightened up. “Some modules pass the new tests immediately,” says Eckart Janknecht, expert on module testing at TÜV. “The number of failed inspections of production-fresh modules is definitely a cause for concern.”

Modules arriving defective from the factory

This means that modules have not subjected to sufficiently rigorous stress testing. “We often see that nominal performance is not achieved,” says Roman Alexander Brück, head of the PV component testing department. “Performance is between half and one percent lower. For a 650 watt module, that’s a full 6.5 watts.”

UK: Trinasolar starts deliveries for integrated project

The reason for this is the enormous and ongoing price pressure that forces manufacturers to push production materials and machines to the limits. It is not unheard of for a delivery to include entirely non-functioning or undersized modules.  “One such example is aluminium frames,” says Hamza Maaroufi, who regularly visits and assesses the condition of solar parks on behalf of TÜV Rheinland. “Modern modules are slimmed down to the extent that very large and heavy modules bend under their own weight.”

Perovskites will enable new applications for photovoltaics

Inadequate screws and clamps

As well as thin frames, long-time photovoltaic specialist Wilhelm Vaaßen bemoans the phenomenon of overly thin glass. “What’s more, the chosen screws and clamps are far too small,” he says. “Such components should be able to carry twice as much weight.”

He recommends that investors test the modules with the respective clamps and screws before final. “For the risk that it eliminates, this is not a huge investment,” he says. “Damage further down the road is generally much more expensive.”

Fraunhofer ISE: Solar module output often overstated

Even in tracking systems, the most important materials are often too weak. The latest modules for solar parks measure 2.50 metres by 1.30 metres and have an output of up to 700 watts. “If the support profile only spans 40 centimetres or so, it simply won’t work,” warns Vaaßen.

Thin panes break quickly

Yet another issue is extremely thin glass panes. Some module manufacturers have reduced the thickness of their glass to 1.6 millimetres. “Two panes of two millimetres thickness is standard on larger modules,” reports Maaroufi. “Even at this depth, we see breaks in the field due to the bending of heavier modules.” At the end of the day, two times 1.6 millimetres (for the front glass and rear panes) is insufficient for modules for large-scale projects.

With every new facility, the industry picks up new ideas The last major liability case related to brittle backsheets on modules manufactured between 2010 and 2012. At the time, high-quality films were in short supply, leading some manufacturers to switch to polyamide. Ten years later, the foils of backsheets were brittle and chalked, by which time many gigawatts of solar power had been lost Cracks formed, rendering the modules unusable.

Sharp exits solar business in Europe

Foils require their own certification

In the meantime, the certifiers have learned from their experiences of the “film epidemic”. The new IEC 62788-2-1:2023 has been in force since September 2023. This defines strict safety requirements for the films used in solar modules as front and back sheets. “The manufacturers of films are not yet aware of this standard, which is actually mandatory,” says Roman Alexander Brueck. “If the film is not certified, the module will also not receive certification from us.”

Developing a tandem solar module with over 25 per cent efficiency

Test expert Eckart Janknecht recommends that manufacturers contact the TÜV at an early stage. New films that receive certification may require adjustments in the course of module production, including preliminary tests during development.

Jinko Solar reaches 300 GW milestone of PV module delivery

TÜV Rheinland has actively contributed its expertise in the solar industry for four decades. Worldwide, around a thousand experts are hard at work to minimise the technical risks posed by large-scale solar generation.

Europe’s largest test laboratory for solar modules, components, inverters and now also battery storage is situated in Cologne. There are also laboratories in Bangalore (India), Shanghai (China), Taichung (Taiwan) and Pleasanton (USA). (TF)

Solitek Enhances Hail Resistance Certification for Its Modules

Read more:

Floating solar power: clean electricity from clean waters





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The potential of floating solar plants (floating PV) is vast. Despite this, very few artificial lakes are used to generate solar power. To date around 5.6 gigawatts of floating PV capacity have been put in place worldwide, most of this in Asia. Only around 500 megawatts of solar plant capacity is currently floating on European waters.

Three lakes analysed

One of the reasons for this is the uncertainty about the impact of solar installations on aquatic ecology. However, Konstantin Ilgen from Fraunhofer ISE offers some reassurance. He has examined three lakes in Switzerland, the Netherlands and Germany on which solar plants have been installed. Until recently, this aspect of floating PV has barely been researched, which has implications for relevant legislation. In Germany, for instance, solar systems are only allowed to cover 15 percent of the water surface and they must keep a distance of 40 meters from the shore.

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Low impact

This significantly reduces the potential for floating PV. However, the rules are not based on concrete studies. The group at Fraunhofer ISE led by Konstantin Ilgen has now closed this gap. His study, which he presented at this year’s PV Symposium in Bad Staffelstein, concluded that there is minimal impact of photovoltaics on the ecology of water bodies.

Current Study: Floating-PV could support energy goals in the U.S.

Specifically, he looked at the water quality and the growth of aquatic plants in the three lakes, with a particular focus on macrophytes. These are the aquatic plants that grow close to the shore. The more distant they are from the shore, the less vegetation there is.

Plants mapped

In addition, the effects of the solar system on the water temperature and a chemical analysis were also carried out. The influence of solar plants on water bodies depends, among other things, on the structure of the water bodies. For example, the solar plant in Switzerland was built on a reservoir that is emptied and then refilled more frequently anyway. „Its ecological quality is not very good anyway,“ explains Konstantin Ilgen. “We found a greater diversity of plants and animals in the lake in Germany.”

Floating solar plant installed on artificial lake

Mapping the macrophytes in the lakes has shown a total of 15 different species. Many of these were invasive species that do not actually grow in the lakes. Very valuable species were rarely present.

Water quality remains stable

Water quality is also hardly affected by the solar installations.The change in water temperature in the lakes in the Netherlands and Germany is within the measurement inaccuracies, so it is not significant.

In the lake in Switzerland, however, the scientists detected major cooling. However, this is not due to the solar system, but to the melting of snow from the mountains.

Water becomes clearer

In the body of water in Germany, the researchers have even noticed a decrease in turbidity. “This is due to the fact that many mussels settle on the substructure of the solar system, which filter the water,” explains Konstantin Ilgen.

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This was relevant as the body of water under investigation is a gravel lake with a sediment-rich inflow. As a result, a lot of suspended matter gets into the lake, which means that fewer plants can grow. “We simulated the natural state of the lake, which is what would happen if no dredging were to take place. In this case, the macrophyte colonisation would expand,” says Ilgen.

Water depth is crucial

Project planners can use all the results of the study to position the plant in such a way that it has little impact on water quality or even improves it. However, the results also show that the legal requirements have no scientific basis. “Because we only found the macrophytes in the shore area,” says Ilgen. However, this area is still a long way from the 40 meters prescribed by law. “The water depth would be a more useful criterion in this case, as this is the decisive factor in the colonisation of macrophytes. The 40-metre distance from the shore makes no sense,” he emphasises. (su)





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RWE has commissioned its first solar plant in Italy. The 8.3 megawatt (MW) Bosco ground-mounted solar plant consists of around 15,000 bifacial modules. The photovoltaic plant is located on a 16-hectare site in the municipality of Partinico near Palermo, Sicily.

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Thanks to the implementation of a new accelerated permitting process in Italy, RWE was able to achieve Ready to Build in less than 18 months. Construction took around ten months. In order to optimise the use of land and resources, as well as to tackle grid scarcity, the Bosco solar plant uses the existing nearby RWE substation in Partinico, from which the local RWE wind farms already feed green electricity into the grid.

Protecting biodiversity

To operate the plant in harmony with the local ecosystem a wildlife-friendly fence was installed to allow safe passage for small animals. There is enough space between the ground and the bottom wire to allow animals such as foxes and rabbits to pass underneath. This voluntary measure reflects RWE’s commitment to a positive impact on biodiversity when delivering renewable energy projects.

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“With the commissioning of Bosco, our first solar plant in Italy is up and running, with more projects to come. Solar is a perfect match for our growing wind fleet in Italy, as solar and wind complement each other perfectly as their production patterns naturally balance each other. Bosco is a flagship project in the field of efficiency, both in terms of the permitting process and grid access. We look forward to the next milestones in our journey to support a clean, stable and cost-effective energy future for Italy», Katja Wünschel, CEO RWE Renewables Europe & Australias said.

Integrated approach for renewables in Italy

RWE takes an integrated project approach that incorporates the development, construction and operation as well as marketing of wind farms and solar plants in Italy. As of today, the company operates 16 onshore wind farms with a combined installed capacity of 527 MW in the country. With its onshore fleet, RWE supplies around 450,000 Italian households with green electricity every year. The company is currently constructing the 53 MW Mondonuovo wind farm in the Apulia region. In addition to wind and the Bosco project, RWE is constructing its first commercial scale Agri-PV plants Morcone (9.8 MW) and Acquafredda (9.3 MW) in Campania region. (hcn)





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